Emphasis (Even)
8 related grammar points that express the same core idea - compared below so you can tell which one to reach for.
Members
- ~まで JLPT N4
- ~さえ JLPT N3
- ~てまで JLPT N2
- ~まで~て JLPT N2
- Noun たりとも~ない JLPT N1
- Noun ですら JLPT N1
- Noun にすら JLPT N1
- Noun にもまして JLPT N1
てまで / まで〜て
Where まで sits relative to the verb.
~まで~て vs ~てまで: てまで marks an extreme someone went to in order to achieve something (借金してまで買う), usually with disapproval. The まで〜て ordering is a plain limit instead ('up until X happens'), so the disapproval is not carried over.
ですら / たりとも / にもまして
Citing a striking example to make a general point.
Noun ですら vs Noun たりとも~ない: Use ですら: 専門家ですら間違える. It picks an example so unlikely that it proves the rule. たりとも is absolute negation of even the smallest quantity (一日たりとも忘れない) and needs a negative verb, so it cannot host a positive example.
The 'even' has to land on a に-marked element.
Noun にすら vs Noun ですら: Use にすら where the noun would take に (子供にすら分かる). ですら fills the subject or topic slot. Same emphasis, different case marking, and the wrong one leaves the particle missing.
Saying something exceeds a benchmark that was already high.
Noun にもまして vs Noun ですら: Use にもまして: 去年にもまして忙しい. It is comparative, so it needs a standard to beat. ですら only nominates a surprising example and makes no comparison of degree at all.