Japanese grammar
766 grammar points from JLPT N5 to N1, in the order they are taught.
JLPT N5
- Noun は～Noun wa〜Used to mark the topic of a sentence; 'as for', 'speaking…
- ～の〜noExpress possession, apposition, or description using 'of'…
- A は B が〜A wa B ga〜Indicates that there is something unique or different…
- Plain: な-Adjective だThe plain copula. な-adjectives are noun-like: they take だ…
- Polite: な-Adjective ですThe polite copula.
- Negative: な-Adjective じゃないThe plain negative copula.
- Polite negative: な-Adjective じゃないですThe polite negative copula, with equally correct variants.
- Plain past: な-Adjective だったThe plain past copula.
- Polite past: な-Adjective でしたThe polite past copula.
- Past negative: な-Adjective じゃなかったThe plain past negative copula.
- て-form: な-Adjective でThe connective で that joins clauses, the copula's て-form.
- Negative て-form: な-Adjective じゃなくてThe negative て-form of the copula, for joining and…
- Polite present: Verb ますThe polite non-past form, the default register of everyday…
- Polite past: Verb ましたThe polite past tense: 書きました, 食べました.
- Polite negative: Verb ませんThe polite negative: 書きません, 食べません.
- Polite past negative: Verb ませんでしたThe polite past negative: 書きませんでした.
- ～あります〜arimasuIndicate possession or existence of inanimate objects…
- Noun に～Noun ni～Express a specific direction, target or purpose; 'to'…
- Nounで～Noun de ~Indicate a place or means for an action or situation; 'at…
- Noun を〜Noun wo〜Indicates the direct object of a verb.
- Noun に 行きますNoun ni ikimasuUsed to express going to a location.
- Noun に 来ますNoun ni kimasuUsed to express coming to a place.
- Noun に 帰りますNoun ni kaerimasuExpress going back or returning to a place: 'to return…
- Noun に 戻りますNoun ni modorimasuExpresses the action of returning to a previous state…
- だれ～dare～Asking 'who' in a sentence, used to inquire about…
- なに～nani~Asking about 'what' or 'which' in Japanese
- なん～nan~Used to form interrogative questions and emphasize the…
- どこ～doko～Express 'where', used with question words for asking about…
- どちら～dochira～Used to ask about two choices or options.
- どなた～donata～A polite way to ask 'who', used for asking about someone's…
- どの Noundono NounExpresses 'which'; used to ask about specific items within…
- どんな NoundonnaUsed to ask or describe 'what kind' or 'what type' of…
- いくつ～ikutsu~Used to express 'how many' or ask for the number of…
- どうやって～douyatte～Ask 'how' something is done or how to do something.
- なんで～nande～Asking the reason or cause; 'why', 'how come'.
- ～どう しますか。～dou shimasu ka.Asking for someone's opinion or decision; 'what will you…
- ～どうですか。〜dou desu ka.Asking for opinions or suggestions; 'how about', 'what do…
- ～どう 言いますか。〜dou iimasu ka.Asking for the way to say something; 'how do you say'.
- ～なんと 言いますか。〜nan to iimasu ka.Asking how something is called or referred to; 'how do you…
- だれか〜dareka〜Indicates 'someone' or something done or possessed by…
- どこか～dokoka～Expresses 'somewhere', used when the specific location is…
- なにか～nanika～Indicates 'something' or 'some kind of'.
- いつか～itsuka～Indicates an unspecified point in time; 'someday', 'one…
- だれでも～dare demo～Used to express 'anyone' or 'everyone'; 'no matter who'.
- どこでも～dokodemo～Express 'anywhere' or 'everywhere' in Japanese.
- なんでも～nandemo～Means 'any', 'anything', 'anyone'.
- どれでも～dore demo～Indicates 'any' or 'whichever' when referring to multiple…
- いつでも～itsudemo～Expresses 'anytime', 'always', or 'whenever'.
- だれも～ませんdaremo ~masenExpress 'nobody' or 'no one' in negative sentences.
- なにも～ませんnanimo~masenUsed to express 'not anything', 'nothing'.
- どこにも + Verb + ませんdoko ni mo + Verb + masenExpress 'not anywhere' or 'nowhere' with a negative verb.
- い-Adjective: Negative Polite FormChange an い-adjective into a polite negative form with…
- い-Adjective く + Verbi-Adjective + ku + VerbUsed to connect an い-adjective to a verb, modifying the…
- い-Adjective てi-Adjective + te~Used to connect two or more い-adjectives to describe…
- な-Adjective に + VerbTurn a な-adjective into an adverb by adding に.
- な-Adjective で～na-Adjective de~Usage of で to connect or add information with a な-adjective.
- Plain negative: い-Adjective くないThe plain negative of an い-adjective.
- Past: い-Adjective かったThe plain past of an い-adjective.
- Past negative: い-Adjective くなかったThe plain past negative of an い-adjective.
- Negative て-form: い-Adjective くなくてThe negative て-form of an い-adjective, for joining and…
- い-Adjective く しますi-Adjective ku shimasuUse an い-adjective to express 'to make' or 'to become'.
- な-Adjective に しますna-Adjective ni shimasuExpressing a decision or preference with a な-adjective.
- な-Adjective に なりますna-Adjective ni narimasuExpress a change or transformation into a state described…
- Noun に しますNoun ni shimasuExpress a choice or decision; 'choose', 'decide on'.
- Noun に なりますNoun ni narimasuExpresses change or becoming something; 'to become', 'to…
- Verb て～Verb + te～A verb conjugation that connects actions or states.
- Verb て いますVerb te imasuExpress ongoing action or state; 'is doing', 'is doing…
- Verb て くださいVerb-te kudasaiA request or command; 'please do'.
- Verb ないで ください〜naide kudasaiUsed to make a polite request for someone not to do…
- Plain past: Verb たThe plain (casual) past tense, and the base many later…
- Plain negative: Verb ないThe plain (casual) negative, and the base for negative…
- Plain past negative: Verb なかったThe plain past negative: 書かなかった, 食べなかった.
- Negative て-form: Verb なくてThe negative counterpart of the て-form: joins clauses and…
- Noun の 前にNoun no mae niUsed to describe a location or position 'in front of' a…
- Verb る 前にru mae niUsed to express 'before' in a sense of an action must be…
- Noun の あとでNoun no atodeExpresses the order of events; 'after', 'later than'.
- Verb た あとでta ato deIndicates an action that takes place after another action.
- Verb てから～〜te karaExpress a sequence of actions or events; 'after', 'since'…
- ～とき〜tokiExpresses the time when something happens, 'when', 'at the…
- Noun から Noun までNoun kara Noun madeExpresses a range; 'from...to', 'between...and'.
- Noun ごろ～Noun + goro～Expresses 'around' or 'about' a certain time or age.
- Noun くらい～Noun kurai～Express the extent or degree of something; 'about'…
- Verb たいですtaidesuExpress desire or want to do something; 'I want to', 'I…
- Noun がほしいです〜ga hoshii desuExpress a desire or wanting something; 'I want', 'I would…
- Noun が できますNoun ga dekimasuExpress the ability to do something.
- Verb ること～〜ru kotoExpress an action or event as a noun; 'the act of', 'doing'.
- Verb る の～Verb + ru + no~Used to express the purpose or reason in casual speech, or…
- Verb る こと ができるru koto ga dekiruExpresses the potential form; 'can', 'be able to', 'is…
- A は B より～A wa B yori～Express a comparison between A and B; 'A is more/less than…
- A より B のほうが～A yori B no hou ga ～Used to compare two items; 'B is more ～ than A'.
- A が いちばん～A ga ichiban～Express the superlative degree; 'the most', 'the best'…
- Aと Bと どちら～A to B to dochira~Used to ask which of two alternatives is preferred or to…
- AとBと どっち〜A to B to docchi〜Asking which one; 'which', 'A or B'.
- Noun も〜Noun mo~Indicates that the action or state is the same for…
- Noun と～Noun to～Express 'with', 'and' or 'together with' when connecting…
- Noun や Noun など～Noun ya Noun nadoLists items or examples but not exhaustively; 'such as'…
- Noun か Noun か～Noun ka Noun ka～Expresses choice or alternatives; 'either', 'or'.
- Noun だけ〜〜dakeIndicates 'only', 'just', or 'merely'.
- ～たり、～たり します〜tari, 〜tari shimasuUsed to list multiple actions or states; 'do things like'…
- ～から、～〜kara、～Expresses reason or cause; 'because', 'since', 'so'.
- ～からです〜kara desuExpress the reason or cause; 'because', 'since', 'due to'.
- A。だから、～B。A. Dakara, ~B.Express reason or cause; 'because', 'so', 'therefore'.
- ～が〜gaParticle indicating the subject of a sentence or…
- ～けど、～〜kedo、～Used to connect two clauses; 'but', 'however', 'although'
- ～けれど、～〜keredo、～Expresses a contrast or contradiction; 'but', 'however'…
- A。でも、～B。A. Demo, ~BUsed to express contrast between two statements; 'A, but…
- A。しかし、～B。A. Shikashi, ~B.Expresses contrast or contradiction between two clauses…
- A。けれども、～B。A. Keredomo,~ B.Used to express a contrast between two statements. It can…
- そして、～soshite、～Used to connect two sentences; 'and then', 'and'.
- それから、～sorekara、～Meaning 'after that', 'and then' or 'then', indicating…
- A。それでは、～B。A. Soredewa,~B.Express a change in situation; 'then', 'in that case', 'so'.
- A。 では、～B。A. Dewa, ~BIndicates a contrast or comparison between A and B; 'As…
- Verb ましょうmashouMaking a suggestion or invitation; 'let's' or 'shall we'.
- Verb ましょうか。〜mashou ka.Used to make a polite suggestion or offer help; 'shall…
- Verb ませんか。Verb-masenkaAn invitation or suggestion; 'won't you', 'why don't you'…
- ～いかがですか。〜ikaga desu ka.A polite way to ask someone's thoughts, opinions, or…
- ～に あげます〜 ni agemasuUsed to express giving something to someone; 'give'…
- ～に もらいます〜ni moraimasuTo receive something or some action from someone; 'to…
- ～が 私に くれます〜ga watashi ni kuremasuUsed to express that someone gives a gift or favor to…
- ～から もらいます〜kara moraimasuTo receive something or get someone to do something.
- いつも～itsumo～Expressing 'always' or 'usually' in a sentence.
- よく～yoku ~Often used to express 'doing something well' or 'often'.
- ときどき～tokidoki～Used to indicate the frequency of an event; 'sometimes'…
- たいてい～taitei～Used for expressing 'usually', 'mostly', or 'generally'.
- だいたい〜daitai〜Expresses 'roughly', 'approximately', or 'almost'.
- ほとんど〜hotondo〜Used to express 'almost', 'nearly', or 'most'.
- あまり～ありませんamari ~ arimasenExpress 'not very', 'not much', or 'not really' when…
- ぜんぜん～zenzen～Used to express 'not at all' or 'completely' in negative…
- まあまあ～maa maa～Expresses something as 'so-so', 'not bad', or 'average'.
- もっと〜motto〜Expresses 'more' or 'even more' when describing a…
- もう～mou～Expresses 'already', 'anymore', or 'soon'.
- まだ〜mada〜Indicates something has not yet happened or is still…
- まだ～ませんmada ~masenExpresses that something has not happened or been done yet…
- もうすぐ〜mou sugu~Express an action or event happening soon: 'soon', 'in a…
- すぐに～sugu ni～Immediately or right away; used to express promptness or…
- さっき～sakki～Refers to a short time ago or just now.
- こちら～kochira～Refers to a person, place or thing; 'this', 'this one'…
- そちら～sochira～Indicates a direction or person in moderate distance…
- ～はたいへんです〜wa taihen desuExpress that something is difficult or tough.
- A。じゃ、～B。A. Ja, ~B.Indicates a decision or suggestion; 'well then', 'in that…
- A。それじゃ、～B。A. Soreja,~B.Connect two sentences; 'A, so/in that case, B'
- Noun ぐらい～Noun gurai～Express an approximate amount or degree; 'about'…
- Verb る こと が できますru koto ga dekimasuExpress the potential form, or the ability to do something.
- あまり～ないですamari ~ nai desuExpress 'not really' or 'not very'; used to soften a…
- だれも～ないですdare mo ~ nai desuExpress 'nobody' or 'no one' in a negative sentence.
- どこにも + Verb + ないですdoko ni mo + Verb + nai desuExpress that an action cannot be performed anywhere or…
- どこへも Verb ないですdoko e mo + Verb + nai desuExpress that an action doesn't take place anywhere…
- どこへも Verb ませんdoko e mo + Verb + masenNowhere; Not to any place
- どこも Verb ないですdokomo + Verb + naidesuExpress that something cannot be found anywhere or in any…
- どこも Verb ませんdokomo + Verb + masenExpress that 'nowhere' meets the verb action; 'nowhere…
- なにも～ないですnani mo~nai desuUsed to express 'not any' or 'nothing' in a negative…
- まだ〜ないですmada 〜 nai desuExpresses that something has not happened or been done yet.
JLPT N4
- Verb た ことがあるVerb ta koto ga aruExpresses the experience of having done something in the…
- Verb る ことがある〜ru koto ga aruUsed to express that something happens sometimes or has…
- Verb られる〜rareruExpresses passive voice or potential form for verbs.
- Verb させるVerb-saseruExpresses 'to make someone do something', 'to let someone…
- Verb させられるVerb-saserareruExpress the passive causative form; 'to be made to', 'to…
- ～させてください〜sasete kudasaiExpress a polite request to allow or permit someone to do…
- Volitional: Verb よう／おうThe plain 'let's / I think I'll' form, the casual…
- Imperative: Verb 命令形The blunt command form, used in orders, signs, and rough…
- Prohibitive: Verb なA blunt 'do not do this' command.
- Provisional conditional: Verb ばThe general 'if / whenever' conditional, stating a natural…
- Conditional: い-Adjective ければThe conditional 'if it is (adjective)' form.
- Verb て あるVerb-te aruIndicates that an action has been done and its result is…
- Verb ておく〜te okuPerform an action in preparation for a future situation…
- Verb てしまう〜te shimauExpresses unintentional actions or actions with…
- Verb てみる〜te miruUsed to express 'try to' or 'attempt to do'.
- Verb て いくVerb-te ikuExpresses an action that continues on into the future or a…
- Verb て くるVerb te kuruAn action that starts in the past and continues to the…
- Noun を あげるNoun wo ageruTo give something to someone; 'give', 'offer', 'present'.
- Noun を くれるNoun wo kureruExpresses that someone gives a thing to the speaker or…
- Noun もらうNoun wo morauTo receive or get something from someone; 'to receive'…
- NounをいただくNoun wo itadakuTo receive or accept something politely; 'to receive', 'to…
- NounをくださるUsed to express someone doing something as a favor or for…
- Noun を さしあげるNoun wo sashiageruA polite way of expressing to give something.
- Verb てあげるVerb te ageruUsed to express doing something for someone; 'do something…
- Verb て くれるVerb-te kureruExpresses that someone does something for the speaker (or…
- Verb て もらうVerb-te morauExpress receiving a favor or action from someone.
- Verb ていただく〜te itadakuUsed to express receiving someone's favor or help; 'to…
- Verb て くださるVerb-te kudasaruExpresses gratitude for receiving someone's favor; 'to…
- Verb て + さしあげるVerb TE sashiageruA polite way to express giving or doing something for…
- Verb てくれませんか〜te kuremasen kaA polite way to request someone to do something for you…
- Verb てもらえませんか～te moraemasen kaA polite way to ask for a favor or request someone to do…
- Verb てもらいたい～te moraitaiExpress a desire to receive a favor or service from…
- Verb ていただきたいte itadakitaiExpress a polite request or desire that someone does…
- Verb て いただけませんかVerb te itadakemasen kaA polite request; 'Could you please...', 'Would you mind...'
- Verb て くださいませんかVerb-te kudasaimasen kaPolite request for asking someone for a favor.
- ～ないといけない〜nai to ikenaiExpress a necessity; 'must', 'have to', 'need to'.
- ～なきゃいけない〜nakya ikenaiExpress a necessity or obligation; 'must', 'have to'.
- ～なくてはいけない〜nakute wa ikenaiExpresses the necessity or obligation; 'must', 'have to'.
- ～なければ ならない〜nakereba naranaiExpress obligation or necessity; 'must', 'have to', 'need…
- ～なくてもいい〜nakutemo iiExpresses that something is not necessary to do; 'it's…
- ～てもいい〜temo iiTo give or ask permission; 'it's okay to', 'may', 'can'.
- ～てはいけない〜te wa ikenaiExpresses prohibition; 'must not', 'cannot'.
- Verb たほうがいい〜ta hou ga iiUsed to give advice or make a suggestion to someone -…
- ～たらいい〜tara iiExpressing a desire or suggestion for a particular…
- ～たら いかがですか〜tara ikaga desu kaMaking polite suggestions; 'how about if', 'what if', 'it…
- ～たら どうですか〜tara doudesukaExpress a suggestion or advice; 'what if', 'how about'…
- ～といい〜to iiExpress a wish or hope; 'I hope', 'it would be good if'.
- ～ばいい〜ba iiExpress a suggestion or advice; 'should', 'it would be…
- Verb なさい〜nasaiA command form used to give orders or instructions…
- Verb つもり〜tsumoriExpress the intention, plan, or determination to do…
- Verb ようと思うVerb-you to omouExpress intention or plan to do something; 'I think I…
- Verb ためにtame niUsed to describe the purpose or reason for an action; 'for…
- のためにno tame niUsed to express purpose or reason; 'for', 'for the sake…
- Verb ように〜you niUsed to express 'like', 'as if', 'in order to', or 'so…
- Verb ようにするVerb ~you ni suruMake an effort to; try to; see to it that; ensure that.
- Verb ようになる〜you ni naruExpress a change in ability, situation or state; 'become…
- Verb ように言うVerb-you ni iuTell someone to do something; 'tell to do', 'instruct to…
- ～かもしれない〜kamoshirenaiExpress uncertainty; 'maybe', 'might', 'possibly'.
- ～だろう〜darouExpress probability, likelihood or certainty; 'probably'…
- ～ようだ〜you daExpresses appearance, similarity or inference; 'it seems'…
- ～みたいだ〜mitai daIndicates similarity, resemblance or 'like'; 'it seems'…
- ～そうだ〜sou daExpress the appearance, seeming, or feeling of something…
- ～かしら〜kashiraIndicates uncertainty or doubt; 'I wonder', 'I'm not sure'.
- ～かなあ〜kanaaExpresses uncertainty or wonder; 'I wonder', 'I'm not sure'.
- ～と思う〜to omouExpress one's thoughts or opinions; 'I think', 'I believe'.
- ～という〜to iuUsed to quote, express hearsay or define something.
- ～という (〜to iu) NounUsed to define or explain a noun more specifically.
- ～っていう〜tte iuUsed to quote, define, or specify a noun.
- どういう Noundou iu NounAsking for clarification or more information about a noun…
- ～かどうか〜ka dou kaUsed to express 'whether' or 'if' in indirect questions or…
- ～のです〜no desuProvides an explanation or gives background information…
- ～ので〜nodeExpress a reason or a cause for something; 'because'…
- ～のに〜no niUsed to express contrast between expectation and reality…
- ～し、～し、～〜shi, 〜shi, 〜Express multiple reasons or characteristics; 'and'…
- Verb た ときにVerb た ときにExpress an action or event that occurred at a specific…
- Verb るときに〜ru toki niDescribes the time when a certain action takes place…
- Noun の 間に〜no aida niExpresses 'while' or 'during' a specific period or time.
- Verb ている間にte iru aida niExpresses 'while' or 'during the time' something is…
- ～までに〜made niExpress 'by' or 'before' a certain time or action.
- Noun + 中Noun + ちゅうExpress 'in the middle of', 'during', or 'in the process…
- Verb て いる ところVerb te iru tokoroDescribes an action that is currently happening; 'in the…
- Verb た ところVerb ta tokoroExpresses the situation right after an action has taken…
- Verb ながら〜nagaraExpresses 'while' or 'as' in the sense of doing two things…
- Verb 出す~dasuExpress the action of taking something out, starting an…
- Verb 終わる〜owaruVerbal action is completed; 'to finish', 'to end'.
- Verb + 続けるつづける, tsuzukeruTo continue doing or to keep doing an action.
- Verb にくい〜nikuiExpress difficulty or complexity; 'hard to', 'difficult…
- Verb やすい〜yasuiIndicates that something is easy to do; 'easy to', 'easy…
- ～すぎる〜sugiruExpresses that something is excessive or overdone; 'too…
- Verb 方〜houIndicates the way or method of doing something; often read…
- A は B ほど～ありませんA wa B hodo ～ arimasenExpress that A is not as much as B; 'not as... as'…
- Noun しか～ないNoun shika~naiExpresses 'only', 'nothing but', or 'no other'.
- Noun ばかり〜bakariExpresses 'only', 'nothing but', 'always', or 'just'.
- ～まで〜madeIndicates extent, 'until', 'up to', 'as far as', 'even'.
- ～ずつ〜zutsuIndicates equal distribution; 'each', 'per', 'apiece'.
- い-Adjective く する/なるi-Adjective kusuru/naruExpress a change happening or making something change.
- な-adjective に する/なるUsed to indicate change or decision; 'to become' or 'to…
- Verb ない + ことにするVerb nai koto ni suruTo decide not to do something.
- Verb ない ことになるVerb nai koto ni naruExpresses a result; 'end up not', 'it will become that'…
- Verb ることにする〜ru koto ni suruDecide to do something, make a decision.
- Verb る ことになる〜ru koto ni naruIndicates that something has been decided or arranged; 'it…
- ～ても/でも〜te mo/demoExpresses 'even if' or 'even though'; used to convey…
- ～まま〜mamaExpress 'as it is', 'while' or 'unchanged state'.
- そんな (sonna) + NounExpresses 'that kind/type of'; referring to something near…
- そんなに～sonna ni〜Expresses 'not so much', 'not that', or 'not so ~'.
- Verb て ほしいVerb-te hoshiiExpress a desire for someone else to do something; 'I want…
- 文A。そのうえ 文B。Shows additional information; 'furthermore', 'besides'…
- 文A。それで 文BBun A. Sorede Bun BUsed to connect two sentences; 'So', 'That's why'…
- 文A。それに 文BBun A. Soreni Bun BExpress 'in addition to; besides,' used to include…
- A とか B とかUsed to express multiple examples or possibilities; 'such…
- A は B ほど～ないA wa B hodo ~ naiExpressing that A is not as ~ as B; 'not as...as'
- Noun に するNoun ni suruUsed to indicate a choice or decision, 'to decide on' or…
- Noun に なるNoun ni naruTo become; to change into; to turn into.
- Verb て いるVerb-te iruExpresses an ongoing action or a state resulting from a…
- ～たり～たり〜tari 〜tariUsed to list multiple actions or states; 'doing things…
- ～でしょう〜deshouA conjecture or probability; 'probably', 'I think', 'it…
- ～なくちゃいけない〜naku cha ikenaiExpress the obligation to do something; 'have to', 'must'…
- ～んです〜n desuProvide an explanation or reason; 'it is that', 'the thing…
JLPT N3
- ～など〜nadoIndicates a non-exhaustive list of examples; 'such as'…
- ～なんか〜nankaExpresses the idea of 'things like' or 'something like'…
- ～それと～〜sore to〜Used to link two or more items; 'and', 'also'.
- ～なぜなら〜nazenaraExpress a reason or explanation; 'because', 'the reason is'.
- だけどdakedoExpresses a contrast or contradiction; 'but', 'however'…
- A その上 BA sono ue BUsed to express 'in addition to', 'besides', or…
- まったく～ないmattaku ~naiCompletely not; not at all.
- ～ないと〜nai toExpress a condition; 'if... not', 'unless', 'must'.
- ～んだって〜n datteConveys information heard from someone else; 'I heard'…
- ～として〜to shiteIndicates a role, capacity, or identity; 'as', 'in the…
- ～ことはない〜koto wa naiExpresses that something doesn't need to be done or…
- ～おかげで〜okagedeExpresses gratitude or shows a positive result due to a…
- ～んだもん〜nda monUsed to convey a sense of justification; 'because'…
- ～くせに〜kuse niUsed to express criticism or disapproval; 'even though'…
- ～といっても〜to ittemoExpress the meaning 'even though', 'although', 'but'.
- ～ところが〜tokoro gaExpresses a contrast or unexpected outcome; 'however'…
- ～わりには〜wari ni waExpresses contrast between expectation and reality…
- もし～たならmoshi ~ tanaraExpress a hypothetical condition, 'if' or 'in case'.
- もしも～ならmoshimo ~ naraExpress a hypothetical condition or situation; 'if', 'in…
- ～たとえ～ても〜tatoe〜temoExpress a condition with 'even if'; 'no matter how'.
- どんなに～てもdonna ni ~ temoExpresses 'no matter how much' or 'even if'; emphasizes…
- ～にしても〜ni shitemoExpresses 'even if', 'no matter', 'regardless of'.
- もし～てもmoshi ~ temoExpress a hypothetical situation or assumption with the…
- ～しかない〜shika naiExpress the idea of 'only', 'no other option but'…
- ～だけしか～dake shikaEmphasizes the scarcity or insufficiency of something…
- ～ということだ〜to iu koto daExpress a conclusion or hearsay; 'I heard', 'it means'…
- もしかすると〜かもしれないmoshikasuru to 〜kamoshirenaiExpress the possibility of something; 'maybe', 'perhaps'…
- ～らしい〜rashiiExpresses hearsay; 'I heard', 'it seems', 'apparently'.
- ～かわりに〜kawari niIn place of; instead of; as a substitute for.
- ～にかわって〜ni kawatteExpresses 'in place of', 'on behalf of', or 'instead of'.
- すこしも〜ないsukoshimo~naiExpress a negative state or action; 'not at all', 'none…
- 決して～ないkesshite ~ naiExpress 'never', 'by no means', or 'not at all' when…
- ～ことだ〜koto daExpresses advice or recommendation; 'should', 'it is…
- ～はずだ〜hazu daExpresses an expectation, 'should' or 'it is supposed to'.
- ～ついでに〜tsuide niDo something while or after completing another action…
- ところでtokorodeUsed for changing the topic or bringing up a new topic…
- ～うちに〜uchi niExpress 'while', 'before', or 'during' a certain condition…
- ～かけ〜kakeExpresses the meaning of being in the middle of doing…
- ～たて～tateIndicates an action that has just been completed…
- ～たとたん〜ta totanExpress the moment something happens; 'as soon as', 'the…
- ～たびに〜tabi niExpress 'every time' or 'whenever'.
- ～ところだった〜tokoro dattaExpresses a near miss or a situation that almost happened…
- ～最中に～saichuu niIn the middle of / while doing something.
- ～から～にかけて〜kara 〜ni kaketeExpresses a range of something, such as time or space…
- ～きり〜kiriExpresses the idea of 'only', 'since', or 'after'.
- ～うとした〜uto shitaExpress an action someone tried to do but couldn't; 'tried…
- ～ようとしない〜you to shinaiNot showing any sign or intention to do something.
- ～ちゃった〜chattaExpress an unintentional action or a regretful action…
- ～上げる〜ageruIndicates to finish doing something completely.
- ～切れない～kirenaiExpresses inability to completely finish or do something.
- ～っぱなし〜ppanashiIndicate a state where an action is left as is (unchanged…
- ～っぱい〜ppaiExpresses fullness or completeness; 'full', 'full of'…
- ～ないで〜naideExpress 'without doing ~' or 'without ~ing'.
- ～ずに〜zu niExpress 'without doing' something or 'not doing' something.
- ～めったに～ない〜metta ni 〜naiUsed to express that something rarely, hardly ever or…
- ～ないことはない〜nai koto wa naiExpress the idea that 'it's not that it's impossible' or…
- 必ずしも～とは限らないkanarazushimo ～ towa kagiranaiNot necessarily; not always.
- ～ことにしている〜koto ni shite iruExpress a personal rule or habit; 'I make it a rule to'…
- ～ことになっている〜koto ni natte iruDescribes something that is decided, arranged, or expected.
- ～ようにしましょう〜you ni shimashouA suggestion to make an effort or try to do something…
- ～ようになった〜you ni nattaExpress an event or state that became possible; 'became…
- ～ように〜you niUsed to express a purpose, a way, or a natural tendency.
- ～べきだ〜beki daExpress an obligation or something that should be done…
- ～わけにはいかない〜wake ni wa ikanaiExpresses that something cannot be allowed or permitted…
- ～わけがない〜wake ga naiExpresses that something is impossible or unreasonable…
- ～わけだ〜wake daExpresses a logical conclusion or reason based on…
- ～わけではない〜wake dewa naiDenies a general assumption; 'it does not mean that'…
- ～つまり〜tsumariSummarizing, restating, or clarifying a point: 'in other…
- ～というのは〜to iu no waUsed to provide an explanation or definition; 'that is to…
- ～というと〜to iu toUsed to provide an example or characteristic related to…
- ～こそ〜kosoEmphasizes the importance or uniqueness of something or…
- ～さえ～saeEmphasizes a specific item or action; 'even', 'if only'…
- ～さ〜saExpress the degree or extent of a quality; '-ness'…
- ～ほど～〜hodo〜Expresses the degree or extent; 'about', 'to the extent'…
- ～ば～ほど〜ba 〜hodoExpresses 'the more ~, the more ~'; a proportional…
- ～くらい～は～ない〜kurai 〜wa 〜naiExpress the least one can do; 'at least', 'the least', 'no…
- ～どんなに～ことか〜donna ni〜koto kaExpresses the extent of something or emphasizes the degree…
- ～せいで〜sei deIndicates that something or someone caused an unfortunate…
- ～そのために〜sono tame niFor the purpose of; because of; in order to.
- ～その結果〜sono kekkaShows the result or consequence of a previous action or…
- ～によって〜ni yotteIndicates the reason or cause, difference depending on a…
- ～としたら〜to shitaraExpress a hypothetical situation; 'if', 'suppose'…
- ～ば～のに〜ba 〜noniExpresses regret or dissatisfaction; 'if only', 'wish'.
- ～ばよかった〜ba yokattaExpress a sense of regret; 'I wish', 'it would have been…
- ～といいなあ〜to ii naaExpress a wish or hope; 'it would be nice if', 'I hope…
- ～ますように〜masu you niUsed to express a wish or hope for oneself or someone else.
- ～てはじめて〜te hajimeteRealization or action done for the first time; 'only…
- ～において〜ni oiteIndicates the place, time, or context where an action or…
- ～について〜ni tsuiteExpressing 'about', 'concerning', or 'regarding'.
- ～にとって〜ni totteExpress the meaning 'for', 'to', 'from the perspective of'.
- ～によれば〜ni yorebaMeans 'according to', 'based on' or 'by'.
- ～に対して～ni taishiteIndicates a target or contrast; 'toward', 'against', 'in…
- ～に比べて〜ni kurabeteComparing to; in comparison with; as opposed to.
- ～に関して〜ni kanshiteRegarding, concerning, about, with respect to.
- ～にしては〜ni shite waExpress 'for' or 'considering' in the sense of being…
- ～というより〜to iu yoriExpress a comparison with preference; 'rather than', 'more…
- ～とおり〜tooriExpresses that something is done 'as is', 'as stated', or…
- ～ふりをする〜furi wo suruPretending or acting as if; 'pretend', 'act like'.
- まるで～ようmaru de ~ youUsed to express a strong resemblance or similarity; 'as…
- ～られた〜raretaExpress a passive action, 'was/were', 'has/have been'.
- ～っけ？〜kke?Used to express that one is trying to recall some…
- ～てくれと〜te kuretoQuote someone's request (telling someone to do something).
- ～てごらん〜te goranSuggest or invite someone to try doing something; 'Why…
- ～とく〜tokuExpress doing something in advance or for future…
- ～？それとも～？～? sore tomo ～?Presents two alternatives or choices; 'or', 'either...or'.
- ～つもりでした〜tsumori deshitaExpressing a past intention or plan; 'was planning to'…
- ～ことは…が～koto wa... gaIndicates that while something may be true or valid, there…
- ～はもちろん～も〜wa mochiron 〜moUsed for emphasizing that not only one thing but also…
- ですから～desu karaExpresses reason or cause; 'because', 'since', 'so'.
JLPT N2
- ～ことから〜koto karaIndicates the reason or basis for something; 'because'…
- A。だが B。~dagaExpresses contrasting ideas or statements; 'but', 'however'.
- ～ものの、～〜mono no、～Indicates contrast or contradiction between two clauses…
- A。おまけに B。~omake niExpresses that in addition to A, there is also B…
- A。しかも B。A. Shikamo B.Expressing additional information; 'moreover', 'besides'…
- A。なおB。A. Nao B.Provides additional information; 'moreover', 'besides'…
- ～ねばならない〜neba naranaiExpresses obligation or necessity; 'must', 'have to'…
- ～てはならない〜te wa naranaiExpress prohibition; 'must not', 'cannot', 'should not'.
- ～べきではない〜beki dewa naiExpress that an action should not be done; 'should not'…
- ～かのようだ〜ka no you daExpress a similarity or comparison; 'as if', 'like', 'as…
- ～つつ〜tsutsuShows two actions happening simultaneously or a contrast…
- ～に先立ち〜ni sakidachiExpress an action or event that occurs before another…
- ～を～として〜wo〜toshiteExpress 'as', 'in the capacity of', or 'taking something…
- ～にあたり〜ni atariExpresses the meaning of 'at the time of', 'in', 'on', or…
- ～に際して〜ni saishiteUsed to express the moment or the occasion of an action…
- ～折には〜ori ni waExpresses 'when' or 'in case of' specific situations or…
- ～際に〜sai niMeans 'when', 'while', or 'on the occasion of' a certain…
- Noun を はじめNoun wo hajimeMeaning 'starting with', 'including', 'not only... but…
- Noun を はじめとしてNoun wo hajime to shiteExpresses 'starting with', 'beginning with', or 'including'.
- Noun を はじめとする NounNoun o hajime to suru NounIndicates a representative example of a group; 'starting…
- ～以上〜ijouExpresses 'since' or 'as long as' in a conditional context.
- ～限り〜kagiriExpresses 'as long as', 'while', or 'to the extent that' a…
- ～か～ないかのうちに〜ka〜naika no uchi niExpresses an action that occurs immediately after another…
- ～たかと思ったら〜ta ka to omottaraExpress a sequence of events happening in quick…
- ～次第〜shidaiExpresses 'as soon as' (when used with Verb-ますstem) or…
- ～ずにはいられない〜zu ni wa irarenaiCannot help but; cannot resist doing; an irresistible urge.
- ～ていられない〜te irarenaiExpresses that one cannot afford to do something; 'can't…
- ～でたまらない〜de tamaranaiExpress extremely strong feelings or sensations; 'can't…
- ～でならない〜de naranaiIndicates an uncontrollable emotion or feeling; 'can’t…
- A。だって B。Datte~Used to give a reason, express cause or bring up a topic…
- ～ばかりに〜bakari niExpress an undesired situation or result caused by…
- ～ものだから〜mono dakaraExpress the reason or cause for something; 'because'…
- A。それなのに B。~sorenanoniExpress contrast or a contradiction between two situations…
- ～にもかかわらず〜ni mo kakawarazuExpresses 'despite', 'in spite of' or 'even though'.
- ～に反して〜ni hanshiteContrary to, against, in spite of
- A。すると B。~surutoIndicates that when action A is done, action or event B…
- ～からには〜kara niwaExpress a sense of responsibility or determination…
- ～上は～ue waExpresses 'now that', 'since', or 'once'.
- A。それでも B。~sore demoExpresses 'even so', 'nevertheless', 'still', or 'but'…
- A。ただB。~tadaExpress contrast between two situations; 'although'…
- A。ただしB。A. Tadashi BAdding a condition or exception to a statement; 'however'…
- A。もっとも B。Motto mo ~Express contrasting opinions or facts; 'although', 'but'…
- ～に応じて〜ni oujiteIn accordance with, depending on, in response to.
- ～次第で〜shidai deIndicates 'depending on; based on' a certain factor or…
- ～次第です〜shidai desuA polite/formal way to say 'it depends on...' or 'as soon…
- ～てまで〜te madeExpress the extent someone goes in order to achieve…
- ～まで～て〜made 〜teExpress doing something until a certain time or condition…
- ～にほかならない〜ni hoka naranaiExpress that something is 'nothing but' or 'none other…
- ～に過ぎない〜ni suginaiExpresses that something is 'just' or 'nothing more than'…
- ～に限り〜ni kagiriExpresses limitation; 'only', 'limited to', 'exclusive to'.
- ～ばかりだ〜bakari daExpress a continuing state or negative tendency; 'just'…
- ～ざるを得ない〜zaru wo enaiHave no choice but to; cannot help but.
- ～よりほかない〜yori hoka naiExpress that there is no other choice; 'have no choice…
- ～のみならず～も〜nomi narazu 〜moNot only... but also; as well as.
- ～ばかりか〜も〜bakari ka 〜 moExpresses 'not only... but also'; emphasizing the extent…
- ～から見ると〜kara miru toExpress a perspective or point of view; 'from the…
- ～から言うと〜kara iutoExpress a judgment or opinion based on a specific…
- ～にしたら〜ni shitaraExpress a point of view; 'from the perspective of', 'if I…
- 〜の上では〜no ue de waIndicates 'on the basis of', 'in terms of', or 'from the…
- ～につれて〜ni tsureteExpresses the idea that as one thing changes, so does…
- ～にともなって〜ni tomonatteExpresses 'along with' or 'as a result of'; indicates that…
- Noun につき〜ni tsukiIndicates the reason, cause, or condition for something…
- Noun を めぐる NounNoun o meguru NounIndicate a situation or event revolving around a…
- ～に関わって〜ni kakawatteIndicates that something is related to or influenced by a…
- A あるいは BA aruiwa BIndicates alternatives; 'A or B', 'either A or B'.
- ～にしろ～にしろ〜ni shiro 〜ni shiroExpresses 'either way', 'in any case', 'be it...', used…
- ～にかかわらず〜ni kakawarazuRegardless of; irrespective of; (often used as) 'whether…
- ～を問わず〜wo towazuMeans 'regardless of' or 'irrespective of'.
- ～かねない〜kane naiExpress the likelihood of a negative outcome or consequence.
- ～恐れがある〜osore ga aruExpress a concern or fear that something undesirable might…
- ～あげく~agekuExpresses the outcome of a series of actions or events…
- ～たきり〜takiriExpress 'since then' or 'after'; used to indicate that an…
- ～上で〜ue deUsed to express that something is done after or on the…
- ～以来〜iraiIndicates something happening 'since', 'ever since', or…
- ～末～sueExpress the outcome after a period of time or series of…
- A。したがって B。A. Shitagatte B.Express a cause-and-effect relationship; 'therefore'…
- A。そこで B。~sokodeExpresses 'therefore' or 'because of that'.
- ～により〜ni yoriIndicates the reason, method, or means by which something…
- ～にわたって〜ni watatteIndicates a range or extent; 'over', 'throughout', 'across'.
- ～を通じて〜wo tsuujiteExpresses 'through', 'throughout', or 'during'.
- A。さて B。A. Sate B.Indicates a sudden change or shift in the topic or…
- A。そういえば B。~souiebaRecalling something related to A; 'speaking of which', 'by…
- A それはそうと B。A Sore wa sou to BChanging the topic; 'by the way', 'speaking of which'.
- A。ちなみに B。A. Chinamini B.Used to give additional information about the topic; 'by…
- ～そうにない〜sou ni naiExpress the unlikelihood of something happening; 'not…
- ～っこない〜kkonaiExpresses the impossibility or very low probability of…
- ～ものか〜mono kaDefinitely not; no way; no chance.
- ～ようがない〜you ga naiExpresses that there is no way (method) to do something…
- ～さえ～ば〜sae ~baExpresses that, as long as a certain condition is met…
- ～ものなら〜mono naraExpresses a conditional wish or unlikely possibility; 'if…
- A すなわち B。A sunawachi BExpress that A is equivalent to B; 'in other words'…
- A。それがB。~soregaExpressing 'that's exactly what A is; in other words, B'.
- A。それなら B。A. Sore nara B.Express 'if that's the case, then'; used to show a logical…
- A。ということは B。A. To iu koto wa B.Expresses the meaning 'if A, that means B' or 'A implies B'.
- A。要するに B。A. Yousuru ni B.Expressing 'in short', 'in a nutshell', or 'to sum up'…
- ～というものだ〜to iu mono daExpressing a general rule or common sense.
- ～のももっともだ〜no mo mottomo daExpress that something is understandable or reasonable.
- ～て当然だ〜te tōzen daExpresses that something is natural or expected.
- Noun を もとにNoun o moto niBased on; drawing from; using as a reference.
- Noun を もとにしてNoun wo moto ni shiteBased on; using; utilizing.
- ～に基づいて〜ni motozuiteBased on, according to, depending on
- ～に沿って〜ni sotteAlong with; in accordance with; following
- ～に応えて〜ni kotaeteResponding to; living up to; meeting.
- ～を中心に〜wo chuushin niIndicates that something is centered around or focused on…
- ～の下で〜no shita deUnder the context or condition of; under.
- ～を頼りに〜wo tayori niTo rely on or depend on something or someone.
- Noun を めぐってNoun wo megutteConcerning; with regard to; about
- ～がい〜gaiExpresses 'worth doing' for verbs.
- ～かいがあって〜kaiga atteUsed to express that an effort is worth it or has value…
- ～かいもなく〜kai mo nakuExpresses the meaning of 'without worth', 'in vain'…
- ～を込めて〜wo kometeTo express that something is done with a certain feeling…
- ～切る〜kiruTo do something completely or thoroughly.
- ～つつある〜tsutsu aruExpresses an ongoing process or gradual change.
- ～がち〜gachiExpresses that something tends to occur frequently or…
- ～だらけ〜darakeIndicates that something is full of or covered with a…
- ～っぽい〜ppoiIndicates that something has the appearance…
- ～気味〜gimiIndicates a slight feeling or tendency toward a particular…
- ～ところ〜tokoroExpress a specific point in time or state; 'when', 'just…
- ～一方だ〜ippou daExpresses that a situation or condition is continuing to…
- ～一方〜ippouIndicates that while one action or situation is happening…
- ～かねる〜kaneruExpress inability or impossibility of doing an action…
- ～てかなわない〜te kanawanaiExpresses that something cannot be endured, tolerated, or…
- ～でばかりはいられない〜de bakari wa irarenaiCannot afford to only do something; cannot always rely on…
- ～でしょうがない〜deshou ga naiExpresses an intense emotional or physical state…
- ～どころではない〜dokoro de wa naiNot the time/place for; far from; can't possibly.
- ～まい〜maiExpress a negative conjecture or determination; 'probably…
- ～は抜きにして〜wa nuki ni shiteLeaving aside, excluding.
- ～か～まいか〜ka 〜maikaUsed to express a dilemma or indecision between two…
- どうにか～ないものかdō ni ka ~ nai mono kaExpress a strong desire or wish for something to be…
- ～やら～やら〜yara〜yaraExpresses various items or actions, 'things like..., and…
- ～ば～というものでもない〜ba 〜to iu mono demo naiNot necessarily true that if A, then B.
- ～とは限らない〜to wa kagiranaiExpresses that something is not necessarily true; 'not…
- ～ないこともない〜nai koto mo naiUsed to express an action or state is 'not impossible'…
- ～からこそ〜kara kosoExpress the emphasis on the reason; 'precisely because'…
- 〜からして〜kara shiteExpresses that something is exceptional, unusual, or…
- ～からすると〜kara suru toExpresses a judgment or evaluation based on a certain…
- ～からといって〜kara to itteExpresses 'just because...doesn't mean' or 'even…
- ～てこそ〜te kosoEmphasizes the condition; 'only when', 'precisely because'.
- ～てからでないと〜te kara denai toIndicates that something cannot be done before a certain…
- Noun の ことだからNoun no koto dakaraUsed to provide a reason or explanation based on one's…
- ～だけあって〜dake atteExpresses that something is as expected or deserves its…
- ～だけましだ〜dake mashi daExpresses that although the situation isn’t ideal, it…
- ～にかけては〜ni kakete waIndicates a specific area or aspect in which someone or…
- ～はまだしも〜wa mada shimoExpresses that while the first item is somewhat…
- ～も同然だ〜mo douzen daIndicates 'as good as', 'virtually', or 'practically' the…
- ～に決まっている〜ni kimatte iruExpress certainty; 'it is obvious', 'it must be', 'no…
- ～どころか〜dokoro kaExpress 'far from', 'not just', 'not only', or 'to say…
- ～はともかく～は〜wa tomokaku 〜waUsed to compare or contrast two elements; 'as for...'.
- ～はもとより〜wa moto yoriExpressing that something is obvious, and there is also…
- ～も～ば～も～〜mo〜ba〜mo〜Lists multiple attributes or actions applying to the same…
- ～上に〜ue niExpress 'in addition to', 'besides', 'not only... but also'.
- ～ではないか〜de wa nai kaUsed to show a strong assertion or emphasis on one’s…
- ～反面〜hanmenExpress contrast between two aspects; 'on the one hand'…
- ～と～ともに〜to 〜tomoniExpresses 'together with' or 'along with'; used to…
- ～にしたがって〜ni shitagatteExpresses a natural consequence or a change that occurs…
- ～につけ～につけ〜ni tsuke 〜ni tsukeExpresses 'whenever', 'each time', 'whether...or'.
- ～をきっかけに〜wo kikkake niIndicates that something serves as a trigger or starting…
- ～としても〜to shite moEven if, despite, although
- ～ことに〜koto niUsed to express feelings or emotions about a situation…
- ～あまり〜amariExpresses the result of doing something excessively or…
- ～ものがある〜mono ga aruExpress a strong impression or feeling; 'there's something…
- ～もかまわず〜mo kamawazuExpress indifference or disregard; 'without hesitating'…
- ～ものだ〜mono daExpresses something natural or expected; 'it is normal…
- ～ものではない〜mono dewa naiExpresses a strong negative suggestion or prohibition:…
- ～ままに〜mama niAct according to; leave as is; unchanged.
- Verb ことなく~kotonakuMeans 'without doing', 'not doing', or 'without happening'.
- Verb ないことには Verb ない~nai koto ni wa ~ naiExpress that something cannot be done without meeting a…
- Noun にてNoun niteExpresses location or means; 'at', 'in', 'by', 'with'.
- ～向け〜mukeIndicating target or intended audience.
JLPT N1
- ～差し支えない〜sashitsukaenaiIndicates no problem or obstacle; 'it’s fine if...'…
- ～つもりだ〜tsumori daExpresses the speaker's intention or plan.
- ～つもりで〜tsumori deExpresses the speaker's intention or plan; 'with the…
- Noun に先駆けて〜ni saki gaketeMeaning 'ahead of', 'before', or 'preceding in time'.
- Verbる にはあたらないVerb-ru ni wa ataranaiUsed to say 'there is no need to...', 'it’s not necessary…
- Verbる までもない〜ru made mo naiIt's not necessary to the extent of; no need to.
- ～には及ばない〜ni wa oyobanaiMeans 'no need to go that far' or 'not necessary'.
- Noun かたがたNoun kata gataDo one thing while also doing another; 'while', 'and at…
- Noun がてらNoun gateraMeans 'while...at the same time', 'on the occasion of', or…
- Noun を皮切りに / を皮切りにしてNoun wo kawakiri ni / wo kawakiri ni shiteUsed to indicate the starting point of some series of…
- Verb たが最後〜ta ga saigoEmphasizes 'once something happens, there is no going…
- Verb たら最後〜tara saigoExpresses that once a certain action happens, the…
- Verbる なりVerb-ru nariExpresses 'as soon as' or 'the moment'.
- Verbる や否やVerb-ru ya ina yaExpresses the idea of 'as soon as', 'the moment...'.
- Noun に即した NounA ni sokushita BExpresses the idea of 'in accordance with', 'based on'.
- Noun に即して Verb〜ni soku shite ~The grammar point Noun に即して Verb is used to mean 'to act…
- Noun を前提としてNoun wo zentei toshiteUsed to express 'on the assumption of', 'based on'.
- Verb ずにはすまないVerb zuni wa sumanai'Cannot do without...', 'unavoidable', 'have to'.
- Verb てやまないVerb te yamanaiUsed with certain emotional/mental verbs to show a strong…
- ～がゆえに～ga yue niExpresses the reason or cause; 'because', 'due to', 'as a…
- ～がゆえの Noun〜ga yue no NounExpresses the reason or cause for something; 'because of'…
- ～こととて〜koto toteUsed to express the reason or premise for a decision or…
- Noun にしてNoun ni shiteExpresses the idea 'even for', 'even though', or 'in spite…
- ～といえども〜to iedomoEven if it is said that; Even though; Although.
- ～とはいえ～to wa ieEven though; although; but
- ～ながらも〜nagara moMeans 'even though' or 'despite'.
- Noun ともなれば〜to mo narebaExpresses 'if it comes to', 'when', or 'once'.
- ～とあれば〜to arebaExpresses a condition; 'if', 'when', 'since'.
- ～とすると〜to suru toExpresses 'if', 'when', or 'assuming that' in a…
- Noun たりとも～ない~tari tomo ~naiUsed to show a strong negative: 'not even ~', 'not a…
- Noun ですら~desuraMeans 'even', 'as much as', used for emphasis in formal…
- Noun にすら〜ni suraExpresses the concept of 'even'; 'even in', 'even as'…
- Noun にもまして〜ni mo mashiteThis expresses 'Even more than; exceeding'.
- Verb ないまでもVerb nai made mo'Even if not to the extent of...', 'although not…
- ～としたところで〜to shita tokoro deMeans 'even if' or 'even assuming'; emphasizes that the…
- ～といったらありはしない〜to ittara ari wa shinaiExpress extreme exclamation; 'extremely', 'unbelievable'…
- ～極まりない〜kiwamarinaiExpresses an extreme state, often negative; 'utterly'…
- Noun をもって~wo motteUsed to indicate means, methods, or time; 'with', 'by…
- Noun を限りにNoun wo kagiri niExpresses the idea of 'as of', 'with', or 'from'…
- Noun を禁じ得ない〜wo kinjienai'Cannot help but do', or 'inevitable'
- Verb ざるを得ない~ zaru wo enai'Cannot but', 'have no choice but to', 'forced to'
- Verb ずにはおかない~zuni wa okanaiExpresses 'cannot help but...', 'will definitely...', or…
- Verb ないではすまないVerb nai dewa sumanai'Cannot end without doing', 'must do' - an unavoidable…
- ～とのことだ〜to no koto daExpresses something that the speaker heard; 'I've heard…
- ～とみえて〜to mieteIt seems that; apparently
- Noun にとどまらず～も~ ni todomarazu ~ moThis expresses the idea of 'not only...but also', 'not…
- Noun もさることながら Noun もA mo saru koto nagara B moMeans 'not only... but also'; the second noun is…
- Verbる にとどまらず～もVerb-ru ni todomarazu ~ moExpresses 'not only… but also', 'not limited to…'.
- Noun に限ったことではない〜ni kagitta koto dewa naiIndicates that something is not only limited to; 'not…
- Noun に限ったことでもない~ni kagitta koto demo nai'Not limited to'; 'not just', 'not exclusively'.
- Verbる べくVerb-ru bekuExpresses the meaning of 'in order to', 'for the purpose…
- ～んがために〜n ga tame niEmphasizes the reason or purpose for an action; 'in order…
- A うと B うとA uto B utoShows that the speaker is indifferent to both conditions…
- A かれ B かれA kare B kareExpresses 'whether A or B'; both situations are included.
- A であれ B であれA deare B deareIndicates the same statement applies to both A and B…
- A とも B ともA tomo B tomoExpresses two possibilities; 'either A or B', 'whether A…
- A にしろ B にしろA nishiro B nishiroMeans 'whether it is A or B'; 'regardless of A or B'.
- A にせよ B にせよA ni seyo B ni seyoEither A or B; Regardless of whether it's A or B.
- A につけ B につけA ni tsuke B ni tsukeExpresses 'whether... or...', 'both... and...', 'in either…
- Noun といい Noun といい〜to ii〜to iiUsed to express 'both A and B'; 'whether it's A or B'…
- Noun といわず Noun といわずA to iwazu B to iwazuExpresses 'both A and B' or 'be it A or B'; applies to…
- Noun なり Noun なりA nari B nariLists alternatives of the same kind; 'either A or B', 'A…
- Noun によらず～ni yorazuRegardless of, irrespective of.
- Noun のいかんにかかわらずNoun no ikan ni kakawarazuRegardless of, irrespective of.
- Noun のいかんによらず~ no ikan ni yorazuMeans 'regardless of', 'irrespective of', or 'no matter'
- Noun + はどうであれ~ wa dou de areThis phrase means 'regardless of' or 'no matter how…'.
- ～だろうとなかろうと〜darou to nakarou toExpresses 'regardless of whether it is or isn't'.
- どんなに～うがdonna ni ～ u gaExpresses 'no matter how much...', 'even if...'.
- Noun ずくめ~zukumeDenotes 'entirely' or 'nothing but' the preceding noun.
- Noun に限る~ni kagiruExpresses the idea that 'nothing but', 'nothing is better…
- Verb ようか VerbるまいかVerb you ka Verb ru mai kaExpresses indecision: 'Should I do it or not?'.
- Verb ようが Verb るまいがVerb you ga Verb ru mai gaExpresses 'whether or not', 'no matter if something…
- ～とされる〜to sareruIndicates a general belief or widely accepted view; 'is…
- ～とみられる～to mirareruIt is considered that; It is thought that; It is believed…
- Noun なくして～はないNoun nakushite ~ wa naiExpresses 'without ~, there can't be ~'; 'can't do ~…
- Noun なしでは～ないNoun nashi de wa ~naiExpresses the necessity of something; 'cannot do without'…
- A うが B うがA uga B ugaExpresses the idea of 'no matter how... or', 'even if...…
- A だの B だのA dano B danoUsed to list examples (often with a critical or…
- A というか B というかA to iu ka B to iu kaMeans 'rather than say A, it's more like B', or 'whether…
- A のやら B のやらA no yara B no yaraUsed when the speaker is unsure or confused between…
- いつまで～のやらitsumade ~ no yaraExpresses uncertainty regarding duration; 'don't know…
- A かたわら BA katawara BExpresses 'while also', 'at the same time as'.
- Noun1 が Noun1 なら、 Noun2 も Noun2 だA ga A nara, B mo B daIndicates a parallel or matching situation; 'if Noun1 is…
- Noun1 も Noun1 なら、Noun2 も Noun2 だA mo A nara, B mo B daHighlights two parallel facts or characteristics; 'if it’s…
- Noun と Noun を兼ねてNoun to Noun o kaneteUsed to indicate doing two things at once or fulfilling…
- Noun と相まって~ to aimatteUsed to express 'in combination with', 'together with'…
- Noun も兼ねて~mo kaneteUsed to express 'as well as', 'also', or 'at the same time'.
- Noun も相まって~mo aimatteUsed to express that combined with something else, it…
- Noun に Noun を重ねてA ni B wo kasaneteThis expression is used to describe repeated actions or…
- Verb つ Verb つVerb tsu Verb tsuExpresses two alternating actions happening repeatedly.
- Noun + あっての + NounA atte no BExpresses 'B cannot exist without A'; 'B only exists…
- Noun + ならでは~nara de waExpresses something unique or characteristic only of that…
- Noun を おいて他に Verb ない〜wo oite hoka ni〜naiMeans 'apart from ~ there's nothing else,' implying the…
- ～のは Noun ぐらいのものだ〜no wa Noun gurai no mono daConveys that 'only (Noun) is the case' or 'nothing but…
- ～もなんでもない〜mo nandemonaiUsed to dismiss or negate something’s importance; 'it’s…
- ～までだ～made daExpresses a limit or extent; 'it's only up to...', 'no…
- Noun からある〜kara aruUsed with large numbers or measurements to emphasize 'at…
- Noun というところだNoun to iu tokoro daMeans 'it's approximately...' or 'it's about...'. Used to…
- Noun といったところだNoun to itta tokoro daExpresses 'at most', 'as much as', or 'limited to'.
- Noun + ぐるみ〜gurumiDescribes 'entirely', 'all together', or 'as a whole group'.
- Noun 並み~namiIndicates 'like' or 'as' something or someone; 'equivalent…
- Noun まみれ~mamireExpresses a state in which something is entirely covered…
- ～から Noun に 至る まで〜kara 〜ni itaru madeExpressing range from one thing to another; 'from...to'…
- Noun とは比べものにならない~to wa kurabemono ni naranaiIndicates something is not comparable; 'beyond comparison'.
- ～ぶり〜buriExpresses the amount of time elapsed since doing something…
- Noun からするNoun kara suruUsed to indicate that something is judged, estimated, or…
- Noun からの~kara noDefines the starting point or the origin; 'from'.
- Noun から言わせれば~kara iwaserebaExpress the perspective of the noun; 'from ~'s point of…
- Noun に言わせればNoun ni iwaserebaExpresses 'according to', 'if you ask', 'in the opinion of'.
- Noun を前提にしてNoun wo zentei ni shiteAssuming; presupposing; on the assumption of.
- Noun を踏まえて〜wo fumaeteBased on; taking into account; in light of
- Noun + 前提でNoun + zentei deExpresses a condition or requirement for something to be…
- ～とみると〜to miru toExpresses the concept of 'when one sees it as', 'viewed…
- ～ものとして～mono to shiteIndicates an assumption or supposition; 'assuming', 'under…
- Verbる ものとする〜ru mono to suruAssuming or deciding something as...
- Noun こそあれ~koso areExpresses 'though there is ... (some negative or…
- Noun こそ～が~koso~gaEmphasizes that 'it is precisely Noun that ...', then adds…
- Noun こそすれ~koso sureAn emphatic pattern meaning 'it may be X, but definitely…
- Verb こそすれ~koso sureOften used in the pattern 'Xこそすれ、Y〜ない', meaning 'One might…
- Noun にして初めてNoun nishite hajimeteExpresses 'only when/after... for the first time'.
- Noun ごとき / Noun ごとく〜gotoki/〜gotokuMeans 'like a...', 'as if...', expressing a simile or…
- Noun のごとき NounA no gotoki BExpresses 'like' or 'as if'; something/someone resembles…
- ～びる〜biruA suffix meaning “to appear/to become ~,” often used with…
- ～ぶる〜buruUsed when someone is acting or pretending to be something…
- Verb てみせるVerb te miseru'Show by doing', 'demonstrate', 'prove by action'.
- ～と言わんばかりに〜to iwan bakari niIndicates an action or behavior that strongly implies a…
- ～と言わんばかりの Noun～to iwan bakari no NounExpresses the concept of 'as if to say'; 'almost says'…
- ～んばかりに〜n bakari niIndicates 'as though about to ~' or 'as if to say ~'.
- Noun ではあるまいし~dewa aru maishiMeans 'it’s not as if...', 'it’s not that...', more formal…
- Noun だけではすまないNoun dake dewa sumanaiExpresses 'it can't be settled with just...', 'cannot be…
- ～ではすまない〜dewa sumanaiExpresses that just doing something is not enough or will…
- Noun でなくてなんだろう〜de nakute nandarouA strong rhetorical question: 'If not X, then what is it?'
- Verb やしない~ yashinaiExpresses a strong denial or refusal: 'I would never...'…
- Noun たる Noun~taru~Indicates 'being in the position/state of', used for roles…
- Noun + ともあろう + Noun~tomoarou~Used to criticize or question unbecoming behavior by…
- Noun にあるまじき NounNoun ni aru majiki NounExpresses the idea of 'unfitting', 'unbecoming' or…
- Noun + ときたら〜tokitaraExpresses strong feelings about a topic; 'speaking of'…
- Noun ともなると〜to mo naru to'When it comes to...', emphasizes a change of situation or…
- Noun にあってはNoun ni atte haIndicates a specific situation or environment in which…
- Noun ならいざ知らず~nara izashirazuExpresses 'maybe X is possible, but Y is definitely not'.…
- Noun にひきかえ Noun は~ni hikikae ~ waRepresents 'in contrast to', 'as opposed to'.
- Noun を境にしてNoun wo sakai ni shiteMeans 'as a turning point', 'since (time)', or 'from…
- Noun を機にして~wo ki ni shiteTo take the opportunity to; taking the occasion to; on the…
- Noun を経て〜wo heteExpresses the idea of 'through' or 'via'; going through…
- Verb てからというものVerb te kara to iu monoExpresses that ever since a certain event happened, a…
- ～とあって〜to atteExpresses a special situation or event due to certain…
- ～ときている〜to kite iruHighlights a situation or condition that is…
- Noun を余儀なくされるNoun wo yogi naku sareruExpresses the idea of being forced into a certain…
- Verbる 始末だ〜ru shimatsu daIndicates a (often unfortunate) result or conclusion of an…
- Noun の極み〜no kiwamiUsed to express the extreme or utmost point of something.
- Noun の 至り~no itariExpresses 'the height of', 'the extreme of' something.
- ～限りだ〜kagiri daExpresses an extreme degree of emotion or reaction; 'I…
- ～極まる〜kiwamaruAlso expresses an extreme degree or state, typically…
- ～といったらない〜to ittara naiExpresses the extreme of something; 'nothing can be more…
- Noun をものともせずにNoun wo mono tomo sezu niExpresses the idea that 'despite something, action was…
- Noun をよそに~wo yoso niDespite; Notwithstanding; Regardless of
- Noun はさておき~ wa sateokiMeans 'putting aside', 'aside from', 'notwithstanding'.
- Noun はおろか～すらNoun wa oroka ～suraExpresses 'not to mention ~, even ~'.
- Noun + ぬいて~nuiteThis is a way to express 'minus' or 'except for' some…
- Noun ぬいた NounA nuita BExpresses the idea of 'taking something out from something…
- ～ところを〜tokoro woIndicates a contrasting or inconvenient timing; 'just…
- Verb たら きりがないVerb tara kiri ga naiIndicates an endless or unending cycle once an action is…
- Verb ば きりがない〜ba kiri ga naiIndicates there's no end once you start listing, doing, or…
- Verbる ときりがないverb-ru to kiri ga naiUsed to indicate that something can go on endlessly or…
- Verb ては～te waExpresses a repeated pattern or cycle, often implying a…
- Verb そばから〜soba karaExpresses that as soon as one action finishes, another…
- Verbる が早いかverb-ru ga hayai kaExpresses 'as soon as...' or 'the moment when...'.
- Verb たら Verb たで~ tara ~ tadeConveys that if something happens (or doesn’t happen)…
- Verb ずとも〜zu tomoMeans 'Even without doing (X), (Y) can still happen'.
- Verb もしないで~ mo shinai deMeans 'without even doing'.
- Verbる こと なし にVerb-ru koto nashi niUsed to express 'without doing something'.
- Verbる ともなく VerbVerb-ru tomonaku VerbUsed to express 'without a particular intention'…
- Verbる ともなしに VerbVerb-ru tomonashi ni VerbExpresses doing something unintentionally or without…
- Verb ずじまい~zu jimaiExpressing regret for not having done something; not being…
- ～ずにすんだ〜zuni sundaExpresses the idea of 'was able to do without'; 'managed…
- Verb の ない Noun~ no nai ~Used to modify a noun with a negative verb form; 'a Noun…
- Verbる がままに〜ga mama niExpresses 'letting something happen as it is'; 'just as…
- ～ながらに～nagara niExpresses a state or condition continuing just as it is…
- ～ながらの Noun〜nagara no NounIndicates one action or state happening at the same time…
- Verbる ことのないようにVerb-ru koto no nai you niExpresses the desire or effort to prevent something: 'so…
- Verb ないものだろうかVerb nai mono darou kaExpressing hope or wonder if something can be done: 'Isn't…
- Verb ないものでもないVerb nai mono demo naiExpresses the idea that it's not entirely impossible or…
- ～なくはない〜naku wa naiExpresses the idea 'it's not that it's impossible' or…
- Verb ようにも〜you ni moUsed to express 'even though one wants to do something…
- Verbる べくもないVerb-ru beku mo naiMeans 'it's impossible to...' or 'there's no way to...'.
- Verbる べからざる NounVerb-ru bekara zaru NounUsed to express what should not be done; 'must not'…
- Verbる べからず〜ru bekara zuExpresses the idea of 'must not do' or 'should not do'.
- Verb よう~ you / ~ you niExpresses 'the way/manner of doing something' or 'in order…
- Verbる くらいなら〜ru kurai naraExpresses preference to avoid something: 'rather than...'…
- ～なら～なりにMeans 'if it is X, then it's X in its own way'…
- ～が Verb られる〜ga Verb rareruExpresses potential or ability to do something; 'can'…
- ～に堪えない～ni taenaiIndicates something is unbearable or not worth doing…
- ～に堪える～ni taeruUsed to say that something is 'worth doing' or 'can stand…
- ～に耐える～ni taeruTo endure or withstand something; 'endure', 'withstand'…
- ～足る Noun〜taru NounIndicates that something is worthy or sufficient to be…
- ～足りない～tarinaiExpresses insufficiency or lack; 'not enough'…
- ～に越したことはない〜ni koshita koto wa naiExpresses that something is the best or most desirable…
- ～に難くない～ni katakunaiExpresses 'not difficult to ~' in a formal/literary sense…
- Verbる 嫌いがある～ru kirai ga aruTendency to do a negative action; have a bad habit of ~.
- ～となったら〜to nattaraUsed to express 'if it comes to...', 'when it becomes the…
- ～となると〜to naru toUsed to highlight a certain circumstance; 'when it comes…
- ～となれば〜to narebaExpresses the idea of 'if it comes to...; when we talk…
- ～とすれば～to surebaUsed to express 'if it were the case that...', 'if we…
- ～に至った〜ni itattaExpresses the outcome or final conclusion of a process…
- ～かと思いきや〜ka to omoikiyaExpressing unexpected outcomes; 'just when I thought...'…
- Verbる / Noun(である) + 限り(は)kagiri (wa)Expresses 'as long as', 'while this condition is true'.
- ～ば～ものを～ba～mono oExpresses regret or a missed opportunity: 'if only', 'had…
- Noun+のいかんだNoun no ikan daDepends on; up to
- Noun のいかんではNoun no ikan de waIt depends on the Noun
- Noun のいかんによってはNoun no ikan ni yotte waDepending on the matter; depending on noun
- Noun + というもの~ to iu monoUsed to express a generic concept: 'all ~', 'any ~ of that…
- Noun なりとも~nari tomoIndicates even a small amount or degree; 'at least', 'even…
- ～ぬく~nukuExpresses the concept of doing something completely or…
- Verb たことにしてください~ ta koto ni shite kudasaiAsking someone to pretend or accept that something has…
- Noun の手前~no temaeExpresses the idea of 'Before doing something; on the…
- Noun じゃあるまいし~ja aru mai shiExpressing that something 'is not'; 'it's not like...'.…
- Verb てまでも~ temademoExpresses 'even if it means doing...', 'no matter what it…
- ～といったらありゃしない〜to ittara arya shinaiEmphasizes that something is to the extreme; 'you have no…