～末

When to use

Formal, written "after (a long process), finally" - emphasizes the effort/duration before the outcome.

Explanation

The ～末 grammar point is used to indicate an outcome or result after a period of time, effort, or a series of actions. It can be translated as 'after', 'as a result of', or 'following'. It is typically used with nouns (e.g., '相談の末', '努力の末').

• 長ながい議論ぎろんの末すえ、ようやく意見いけんがまとまった。

  After a long discussion, we finally reached a consensus.

  Nagai giron no sue, youyaku iken ga matomatta.

• 一週間いっしゅうかんの勉強べんきょうの末すえ、試験しけんに合格ごうかくした。

  After a week of studying, I passed the exam.

  Isshuukan no benkyou no sue, shiken ni goukaku shita.

• 何度なんども失敗しっぱいの末すえ、成功せいこうを手てに入いれた。

  After many failures, I finally achieved success.

  Nando mo shippai no sue, seikou wo te ni ireta.

• 彼かれとの別わかれの末すえ、新あたらしい人生じんせいを始はじめた。

  After breaking up with him, I started a new life.

  Kare to no wakare no sue, atarashii jinsei wo hajimeta.

Sequence (After / As A Result)

• ～たきり〜takiriN2Express 'since then' or 'after'; used to indicate that an…
• ～上で〜ue deN2Used to express that something is done after or on the…
• ～あげく~agekuN2Expresses the outcome of a series of actions or events…
• ～以来〜iraiN2Indicates something happening 'since', 'ever since', or…
• Verb てから～〜te karaN5Express a sequence of actions or events; 'after', 'since'…
• ～きり〜kiriN3Expresses the idea of 'only', 'since', or 'after'.
• Noun の あとでNoun no atodeN5Expresses the order of events; 'after', 'later than'.
• Verb た あとでta ato deN5Indicates an action that takes place after another action.
• ～てはじめて〜te hajimeteN3Realization or action done for the first time; 'only…
• Noun にして初めてNoun nishite hajimeteN1Expresses 'only when/after... for the first time'.
• Verb てからというものVerb te kara to iu monoN1Expresses that ever since a certain event happened, a…
• Verbる 始末だ〜ru shimatsu daN1Indicates a (often unfortunate) result or conclusion of an…

Compare when to use each