Sequence (After / As A Result)

Saying you will do the second thing only once the first is finished.

Verb てから～ vs Noun の あとで: Use てから. It attaches to a verb and insists on the order: 手を洗ってから食べる means the washing comes first. あとで attaches to a noun (食事のあとで) and only places one event later than another, without that 'not until' force.

The second action was decided on the basis of the first, not merely after it.

～上で vs ～あげく: Use 上で. It says the first step supplied the grounds for the second: 相談した上で決める. あげく also means 'after all that', but it carries the outcome being a bad one, so it makes a neutral decision sound like a debacle.

After a long, effortful process, something finally resolved.

～末 vs ～あげく: Use 末. It foregrounds the length and the effort, and the outcome may be good or bad. あげく shares the 'after a drawn-out business' framing but always lands on an unwelcome result, so it cannot report a hard-won success.

Marking a point in time since which a condition has held.

～以来 vs ～たきり: Use 以来 for a lasting change dating from that point: 卒業以来会っていない. たきり fixes on a single event that was never followed up (出かけたきり帰らない), so it needs that one-off action, not a general starting line.